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Generally speaking, making sense of it isn't easy. S90V contains 9% Vanadium. S30V contains 4% Vanadium (originally it was planned for 3% and thus the name). Vanadium carbides are VERY hard and provide a lot of wear resistance. On the flip side of that S30V was designed to be very tough; it resists chipping and breaking. S90V was designed to be very wear resistant, so it's really a tradeoff. If you're very careful with your knives, don't toss them in the sink or hammer them through hard beef bones, S90V will do very well. If you're rough on a knife, S30V will be a better choice. I'd likely choose S30V for larger knives, because they're subjected to greater stresses. S90V is certainly fine for smaller knives.
As for carbon steels, the numbers are sometimes relevant, sometimes not. In the 10xx series, it relates to the percentage of carbon. 1095 has 0.95% carbon, 1060 has 0.6% carbon, etc. In steels like O1, M2, W1, etc. I don't think the numbers don't mean much.
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